What is Thermal Paper?
The surface of the receipt paper is coated with a substance which changes color when heated above a certain temperature. The printer essentially consists of a transport mechanism which drags the paper across a thermal dot matrix print head. The (very small) dots of the head heat up very quickly to imprint a dot, then cool equally quickly.
Most thermal receipt paper rolls' coatings turn black when heated, but coatings that turn blue or red, and multicolor coatings, are sometimes used. An unintended heat source, such as a coffee cup, can discolour the paper and obscure any printing. A fingernail rubbed quickly across the paper may generate enough heat from friction to produce a mark.
About BPA
Some thermal printer papers are coated with BPA, a chemical considered to be an endocrine disruptor. This material can contaminate recycled paper. BPA can transfer readily to the skin in small amounts:
The chemical bisphenol A (BPA) is used for thermal paper coatings because of its stability and heat-resistance. This allows inkless printing for receipts from cash registers. People who often are in contact with BPA coated receipts do have a higher level of BPA in their bodies than people with average contact. Therefore, the New York Suffolk County signed a resolution to ban BPA in thermal receipt paper rolls. Violation of this new law, the "Safer Sales Slip Act", involves a US$500 penalty. The law became effective beginning January 3, 2014.
From about 2013 bisphenol S (BPS), an analog of BPA that has been shown to have similar in vitro estrogenic activity to BPA,has been used in thermal paper coatings. The recycling of thermal printer paper coated with BPS can introduce BPS into the cycle of paper production and cause BPS contamination of other types of paper products. Newer formulations are available which use either urea-based compounds or vitamin C, and are "phenol free".They can have comparable or even improved print quality, but cost more.
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